Spring使用@Autowired注解自动装配

在上一篇 Spring在XML自动装配 示例中,它会匹配当前Spring容器任何bean的属性自动装配。在大多数情况下,你可能只需要在特定的 bean 自动装配属性。
在Spring中,可以使用 @Autowired 注解通过setter方法,构造函数或字段自动装配Bean。此外,它可以在一个特定的bean属性自动装配。

注 @Autowired注解是通过匹配数据类型自动装配Bean。

请参见下面的完整的例子来演示如何使用@Autowired。

1. Beans

一个 Customer bean 在bean配置文件中声明。稍后,您将使用 “@Autowired” 来自动装配一个Person bean。
package com.zyiz.netmon;

public class Customer 
{
	//you want autowired this field.
	private Person person;
	
	private int type;
	private String action;
	
	//getter and setter method
	
}
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
        xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
        xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd">

	<bean id="CustomerBean" class="com.zyiz.netmon.Customer">
		<property name="action" value="buy" />
		<property name="type" value="1" />
	</bean>

	<bean id="PersonBean" class="com.zyiz.netmon.Person">
		<property name="name" value="zyiz" />
		<property name="address" value="address 123" />
		<property name="age" value="28" />
	</bean>
	
</beans>

2. 注册AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor

要启用@Autowired,必须注册“AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor',你可以用两种方式做到这一点:

1. Include <context:annotation-config />

添加 Spring 上下文和<context:annotation-config />在bean配置文件中。
<beans 
	//...
	xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
	//...
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd">
	//...

	<context:annotation-config />
	//...
</beans>

下面是完整的实例

<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
	xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd">

	<context:annotation-config />

	<bean id="CustomerBean" class="com.zyiz.netmon.Customer">
		<property name="action" value="buy" />
		<property name="type" value="1" />
	</bean>

	<bean id="PersonBean" class="com.zyiz.netmon.Person">
		<property name="name" value="zyiz" />
		<property name="address" value="address ABC" />
		<property name="age" value="29" />
	</bean>
	
</beans>

2.  包含 AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor

直接在bean配置文件包含“AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor”。
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
	xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd">

<bean 
class="org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor"/>
	
	<bean id="CustomerBean" class="com.zyiz.netmon.Customer">
		<property name="action" value="buy" />
		<property name="type" value="1" />
	</bean>

	<bean id="PersonBean" class="com.zyiz.netmon.Person">
		<property name="name" value="zyiz" />
		<property name="address" value="address ABC" />
		<property name="age" value="29" />
	</bean>
	
</beans>

3. @Autowired示例

现在,你可以通过 @Autowired 自动装配 bean,它可以在 setter 方法,构造函数或字段中使用。
1. @Autowired setter 方法
package com.zyiz.netmon;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;

public class Customer 
{
	private Person person;
	private int type;
	private String action;
	//getter and setter methods
	
	@Autowired
	public void setPerson(Person person) {
		this.person = person;
	}
}
2. @Autowired 构造方法
package com.zyiz.netmon;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;

public class Customer 
{
	private Person person;
	private int type;
	private String action;
	//getter and setter methods
	
	@Autowired
	public Customer(Person person) {
		this.person = person;
	}
}
3. @Autowired 字段
package com.zyiz.netmon;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;

public class Customer 
{
	@Autowired
	private Person person;
	private int type;
	private String action;
	//getter and setter methods
}
上面的例子会自动装配“PersonBean”到Customer的person属性。

执行它

package com.zyiz.netmon;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

public class App 
{
    public static void main( String[] args )
    {
    	ApplicationContext context = 
    	  new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(new String[] {"applicationContext.xml"});
    	
    	Customer cust = (Customer)context.getBean("CustomerBean");
    	System.out.println(cust);
    	
    }
}

输出

Customer [person=Person [name=zyizA], type=1, action=buy]

依赖检查

默认情况下,@Autowired将执行相关检查,以确保属性已经装配正常。当Spring无法找到匹配的Bean装配,它会抛出异常。要解决这个问题,可以通过 @Autowired 的“required”属性设置为false来禁用此检查功能。

package com.zyiz.netmon;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;

public class Customer 
{
	@Autowired(required=false)
	private Person person;
	private int type;
	private String action;
	//getter and setter methods
}
在上面的例子中,如果Spring不能找到一个匹配的Bean,person属性将不设定。

@Qualifier

@Qualifier注解我们用来控制bean应在字段上自动装配。例如,具有两个类似的 person bean 配置文件。
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
	xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
	http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd">

	<context:annotation-config />

	<bean id="CustomerBean" class="com.zyiz.netmon.Customer">
		<property name="action" value="buy" />
		<property name="type" value="1" />
	</bean>

	<bean id="PersonBean1" class="com.zyiz.netmon.Person">
		<property name="name" value="zyiz-1" />
		<property name="address" value="address-1" />
		<property name="age" value="29" />
	</bean>
	
	<bean id="PersonBean2" class="com.zyiz.netmon.Person">
		<property name="name" value="zyiz-2" />
		<property name="address" value="address-2" />
		<property name="age" value="28" />
	</bean>
	
</beans>
Spring知道哪个 bean 应当装配?
为了解决这个问题,可以使用 @Qualifier 自动装配一个特定的 bean,例如,
package com.zyiz.netmon;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;

public class Customer 
{
	@Autowired
	@Qualifier("PersonBean1")
	private Person person;
	private int type;
	private String action;
	//getter and setter methods
} 

这意味着,“PersonBean1” bean被自动装配到customer的person属性。阅读下面完整的例子 – Spring自动装配@Qualifier实例

总结

这@Autowired注解非常灵活,功能强大,绝对比bean配置文件的“autowire”属性要更好。


下载代码 –  http://pan.baidu.com/s/1o7oNBTo

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